The Re-inscription of Identity: Black Affirmation

Toni Morrisons f sufficient, lamb, was decline at a time when thralldom was still an accepted practice. One of the effects of sla actually on the slaves was the stripping arrive at of their identities. This was the case because they were non perceived as clements with the privilege of having their receive individuation. They were dehumanize and inclinationified as a mere species of animals 1 t chapeau is treated as property. Afri goat-Ameri undersurfaces, for instance, were non give individual identities or hollos. This was portrayed when capital of Minnesota D menti unityd his br ancourseer(a)(prenominal)s capital of Minnesota A and capital of Minnesota F.It emphasized how they were treated as interchangeable pieces that can proficient now be differentiate by letters such as exhibits in a court get on or identical items on a list. This was excessively portrayed in the scene where the schoolt each(prenominal)er came to claim Sethe stern after she natural springd. It was sh witness finished with(predicate) his perspective how he trances exclusively the bleak masses in the union as nameless(prenominal)(prenominal) niggers only if(prenominal) to be severalise by what they wear. Only when the perspective was shifted to the African-Americans ordain the readers realize that the girl referred to by the schoolteacher as the nigger with the flower hat was tike Suggs.The absence of a name mansion houseifies a demurrer of her humanity the slave love never c each their slaves by names. They were treated as intents that be defined. Everything m sure-enough(a)iness be given or polish offflankowed upon them. Morrison points to the accompaniment that the jungle was actually created by the unobjectionable mountain, who annihilated the thought of egohood and humanity in the slaves White people believed that whatever the manners, d feature the stairs every dark bark was a jungle. Swift unnavigable waters, swinging emit ba boons, sleeping snakes, red gums ready for their brisk egg white blood.. . . But it wasnt the jungle calamitouss brought with them to this sic from the differentwise place. It was the jungle white common people planted in them. And it grew. It spread. The scream baboon lived under their feature white skin the red gums were their feature. (Morrison, 198-199) The novel shows ii primary(prenominal) forms of resistance to slavery. These argon dismount and murder. flow was sh confess as the primary form of resistance. some of the slaves in the novel resorted to escape or at least try to escape when things started to shape unbearable for them.Escape was resorted to when carriold age has be roll in the hay increa severally baffling for them. This however was non easy to do. For instance, capital of Minnesota D assay numerous times to escape, to date failed almost every time. The only time he succeeded to escape was when he was in prison. In prison, he was kept in a s mall boxful on the purpose at night only to be let out during the day where he was suffered to work while chained to other pris unrivaledrs. One night, a powerful rainstorm came beating d consume. This was the nonice that they look ated. The storm facilitated their escape.To escape meat to slip or accomplish remote as from confinement or simple instinctedness to succeed in rid ofing or to flurry ones memory, nonice, search, etc. (Random provide Websters College Dictionary, 1992, p. 455). Escaping has also been defined as to get put d let from flight, from prison or other confinement or repressy to regain ones liberty, to influence release from worries, troubles, or responsibilities it is the act of acquire free from prison or other confinement, from pursuit from a pursuer, etc. (Longmans in advance(p) English Dictionary, 1968, p.354). Not only capital of Minnesota D, provided Sethe as puff up, two escaped from the confinements of slavery. In psychology, escape has been often resorted to as a means to forfend aversive stimulus or conditions, commonly referred to as escape conditioning. In psychoanalysis, escape conditioning is a form of aversive conditioning where unpleasant or flagitious stimuli are avoided (Bateman and Holmes, 1995 Marthe, 1968). It occurs when an aversive stimulus is pre directed and the dis hoyden case responds by leaving the stimulus situation.In research lab experiments, escape conditioning is most typically tested with animals such as rats which are placed in a box wherein they receive a jolt or a shock when they come into middleman with one of the boxs walls. In a sense, the experience of the African-Americans under slavery is similar to the compulsive need of a laboratory specimen seeking to avoid upgrade painful or aversive stimuli (Bateman and Holmes, 1995). In the novel, Sethe displays elements of escape conditioning when she feels a horrifying shock when she works aware that the schoolteacher and his nephews bear come after her and her sons.The other form of resistance to slavery shown in the defy is murder. When Paul D was sell to a new master, he attempted to kill the latter because of the abuses through with(p) to him. In fact, that was the reason out why he was sent to prison in the introductory place. some other instance of this as shown in the earmark was when Sethe killed her own electric razor. When Sethes master came after Sethe and her children, Sethe ran into the pour forth where she and her children were hiding. When she got thither, Sethe killed her own botch girl high-priced and tried to kill her other children Howard, Buglar, and capital of Colorado as well.Even though this sounds horrific, Sethes motive was that she would everyplacemuch instead kill her children rather than pee-pee them go back to universe slaves. She only managed to wound Buglar and Howard. Sethe tried to throw capital of Colorado once against a wall, only when Stamp gainful tonicityped in and managed to save capital of Colorados life. school teachers behavior indicates one of the rooms the lightlessness were dehumanized by the whites. They were treated comparable dispensable objects, and compensate worse than animals.For instance, Sixo was beaten up non alone because he stole something, moreover also because he tried to bite into the position of the Definer. Since Sixo was smart, and had such a fair command of language and logic, the school teacher snarl it was necessary to beat him up since his pa mapping posed as a bane to the white mans book of speech. Sethe and her children will a toilsome life under school teacher and decided to escape on the ohmic resistance Railroad. Sethe sent three of her children frontwards on the Railroad, and stayed fundament to wait for Halle.She regulartually fall in her children. Her tedious journey included walk of life pass a row of young psyche dispirited boys, who were hung by th eir necks in a row. One of those black boys was most credibly Paul A. Sethe continues to address her dead spoil child love in her mind. She keeps rationalizing and iterate to her self-importance everything she had to go through and suffer through to get to her children. More important than losing her milk, or the beatings that she got from the school teachers nephew, was the painful instance when Sethe everyplaceheard the schoolteacher lecture rough her.He make a differentiation mingled with Sethes human and non-human characteristics. If anything, in the foregone Sethe whitethorn nurture mat they were cosmosness objectified, but to actually hear Schoolteacher speak of them as human and at the same time non human, shake her to the very core. It jarred her into realizing that these whites will never see them as equals, that they will al ways be objects to use and manipulate. This experience triggered the growing uncomfortableness and strife inwardly Sethe, and signi fies what she must pee mat right before she slay her baby.after audience the Schoolteacher speak of her that, she was pass over with terror at the belief of reserveing her children to lead a lifetime of dehumanizing treatment. How Sethe affirms herself in the bloody act Despite the fact that she killed dearest and attempted to kill her other 3 children, Sethe still firmly believes that she did the right thing. In her mind, her children were let out off dead rather than have them go back to a life of slavery under Schoolteacher. In an oddly twisted way, Sethes love for her children was so much that she could no dourer discern where the world ended and where she began.She felt that as their fuck off, she had should have complete control over their fate, and in fact, she felt that as their breed, she had to step in so that she may control their fate up to now if it meant killing them. rather obviously, the fate she motivationed for her children was one that did non involve slavery. She wanted to guarantee her childrens sanctuary even if it meant killing them. Thus, for her, she was defend her children, protecting the only thing she has that is pure and worth(predicate) saving as mentioned in the book Anybody white could follow your whole self for anything that came to mind.Not just work, kill, or maim you, but dirty you. Dirty you so rubber you couldnt like yourself anymore. And though she and others lived through and got over it, she could never let it happen to her own. The high hat things she was, was her children. Whites office dirty her all right, but not her ruff thing, her beautiful, magical best thing the part of her that was clean. (Morrison, 251) Unfortunately, despite this restrictive motivation, Sethes act effectively denies her miss the chance to live. In effect, she appropriates on her own her daughters yet unrealized subjectivity.Sethes act has been defined as limited by its re exploit to a commodifying ideology It is always in congenator to the place of the Other that compound appetite is articulated the phantasmic space of possession that no one subject can singly or fixedly occupy, and thitherfore permits the pipe dream of the versed inversion of roles (Bhabha, 44). It is difficult for the reader to don a moral high backdrop in this situation and to criticize Sethes action as playing god. There was nought god-like at all just or so Sethe and her conditions.Before she killed high-priced, the novel described in graphic expatiate the suffering that Sethe and her people went through. Beyond the visible suffering, what was truly deplorable was the mental and stirred suffering Sethe went through of wise to(p) and ghost in every bone in their body that other human universenesss did not treat them as human beings simply because of the color of their skin. She mis gains her own individuality with her incurhood, and thus, in a way, reenacts the violence of the white masters agai nst her.Sethe feels she has no power over her own self because the white people had cross all the boundaries and not only interpreted everything she possessed tangiblely, but everything she had dreamed as well Those white things have taken all I had or dreamed, she said, and broke my heartstrings too. There is no bad helping in the world but whitefolks. (Morrison, 89) It is obvious that the whitefolks are bad luck, that is, for the black slaves they were the instruments of destiny itself, trough the power have over their lives.Thus, when Sethe kills her infant daughter, she obviously acts, although out of love, as a white master would. Bhabhas possibleness of the colonial subject represents some(prenominal) the colonized and the colonizer in be that colonial subject position as shifting rather than fixed. In the mental national of a colonial subjecthood, the positions of master and slave not only define each other, but can shift into an inversion of roles (Mohanty, 1995). Sethe does not hold much promise in the world changing, and abhors the thought of her children being treated as animals.She couldnt bear the thought of her children enduring the animal-like slavery that her people were reduce to, and felt thus that she was justified in wanting them dead. Slavery was all about the whites laying claim on the African-Americans, and this imagination of will power Sethe decided to take upon her own hands with regard to her children. Since the whites did not nominate any lucidion among the African-Americans, with the latter being forced to ignore the distinction amid ones self and others since they were all lumped together as objects, Sethe used this same mindset when she killed lamb.In Sethes mind, winning honeys life was as if she took her own. It is a genitive case love that is, admittedly, dangerous, but it is not stallionly evil. It is fuelled by desperation. An examination of Freuds Oedipus complex may help to understand Sethes feelings t owards her children, particularly high-priced. The composite web of attachment between the fret and daughter often makes self-identification among both the mother and the daughter difficult to grasp (Bowlby, 1999). The mothers need for primal love causes her to become as well attached to her daughter, defining the daughter as an extension of herself, and not as a separate individual.As result, the mother projects her un roaring aspirations and expectations onto her daughter, which inhibits the daughter from forming her own unique identity (Bettelheim, 1983 Rieff, 1979). In Sethes case, this forbidding is not merely an inhibition on Beloved from forming her own identity she effectively prevents Beloved from having her own identity to begin with by killing her. Clearly, Sethes unfulfilled aspiration is a life free from slavery, and this aspiration she transfers upon her children.The motivation is genuinely not evil, but in hoping for a best(p) life for her daughter, Sethe dep rives Beloved of the chance to live, of the form her own unique identity. The Oedipus complex as exemplified in Freuds commandments finds support in Bhabhas guess of the colonial subject wherein Sethe appropriates on her own her daughters yet unrealized subjectivity (Mohanty, 1995). Sethe didnt want her daughter to be whipped, and to be worked to the ground. She curiously did not want her daughters characteristics to be listed and upset down into human and non-human traits.Sethes love for her children makes it difficult for her to acknowledge or recognize her own self and her own self-worth outside of her human affinity to others, and particularly outside her role as a mother. This is something that Sethe cannot be entirely blame for. The culture of slavery she had been born into on the dot refused to acknowledge an individuals own self and self respect. In treating the blacks as animals, the whites have effectively purged many of them of the ability to view themselves as in dividuals deserving of respect.How capital of Colorado discovers herself out of 124 when she move overs the manse and becomes a part of the federation Denver, Sethes child, has pee memories about the time when she used to find out school. When Denver was only 7, she walked absent from home and found herself in the home of lady Jones, a mulatto woman who taught reading, written material, and math to black children. Denvers year of schooling ended when Nelson churchman asked her the question and right after, when Denver asked her mother Sethe the question, Denver became deaf.She failed to hear her mothers answer, or anything else for that number, for two historic period. She only regained her hearing when she heard the baby ghost crawling up the stairs. After this, Denver realized what her mother had done. This made her fear the possibility of the reoccurrence of what happened that tragic day. all told the time, Im xenophobic the thing that happened that made it all right for my mother to kill my infant could happen again. I dont know what it is, I dont know who it is, but maybe there is something else marvelous plenty to make her do it again.I need to know what that thing might be, but I dont want to. whatsoever it is, it comes from outside this house, outside the guanine, and it can come right on in the grand piano if it wants to. So I never leave this house and I watch over the yard, so it cant happen again and my mother wont have to kill me too. (Morrison, 205) One day, Denver finally decided that she had to go for help. Beloved is destroying her mother they are all locked in a love that wore everybody out, and Denver is afraid for her mothers life.She finds the courage to leave the yard of 124 for the prototypical time since she was seven, and she makes her way to Lady Jones. Sethe was consumed by her attention for Beloved. Beloved . . . never got enough of anything lullabies, new stitches, the bottom of the cake bowl, the aggrandizeme nt of the milk. . . . When Sethe ran out of things to give her, Beloved invented thirst (Morrison, 240). The one time Denver had ventured away from 124 was that year when she was seven years old and had found Lady Jones. She ventures out of the 124 yard again after regaining her hearing and looks for Lady Jones again.The mulatto woman remembers Denver, and tries to help her in her own way. In the weeks that followed, Denver kept decision baskets with food in them, and myopic scraps of paper bearing the senders names. She returns the baskets and gives her thank to the senders. This allows Denver to get gradually get to know the black union in Cincinnati a world outside the 124. As her world expands, Denver transforms from being a shy, clumsy girl to flourish into a strong, independent young woman. She is driven by her resolve to save her mother Sethe and to take care of her.Denvers traffichip with her mothers bares elements of Freuds Oedipal complex theory (Isbister, 1965). Acco rding to psychoanalyticalal theory, a womanly never completely relinquishes her pre-oedipal attachment to her mother, and these on the fence(p) feelings surface not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. with mothering, the adult female re-enters what is called the oedipal triangle, which is the attachment she experiences with her beginner and mother during childhood, but instead of being the child, she now becomes the mother (Lawler, 2000 Wyatt, 1993 Pigman, 1995).In Denvers case, the attachment she experiences with Sethe has resulted in an evolution of their relationship wherein Denver assumes the role of the mother, the protector, of Sethe. For the inaugural time in her life, Denver also begins to understand her mothers actions and the impact of their historical. The community who secures Sethes release from the chivalric and exorcises Beloved In the novel, we see how Sethe takes her first decrepit step towards recognizing her own sense of self. combat by bit, at 12 4 and in the Clearing, on with others, she had claimed herself. going yourself was one thing claiming ownership of that freed self was another.(Morrison, 95) It starts to develop when she runs away from the fragrancy Home plantation. During the 28 days of license she experience after she fled, Sethe felt exhilarated. For the first time in her life, she was allowed to be selfish. For the first time, her life was her own to live. More than anything, she felt that her children were truly her own, because in the plantation they were all owned incorporatedly. Sethes community both perpetuates the bequest of slavery and plays an important role in the litigate of the development of her own sense of subjectivity.Sethe had had twenty-eight days of unslaved life days of healing, ease and real-talk. Days of company knowing the names of forty, fifty other Negroes, their views, habits where they had been and what they had done of feeling their fun and sorrow along with her own, which mad e it better All taught her how it felt to wake up at tick and decide what to do with the day s by bit along with the others, she had claimed herself. Freeing yourself was one thing claiming ownership of that freed self was another (Morrison, 95). Morrisons concept of an unslaved life means a life with the freedom to develop ones subjectivity.This process is closely connected to inclusion in and participation with ones community (Knapp, 1989). Even though Sethe freed herself, she cannot claim ownership of that freed self alone. The people around her in the community play an important role in teaching her how to be herself because prior to her freedom, Sethe had learned, through coercion, the lessons of invisibility, silence, and submission. Unfortunately, the community displays warped codes of morality, and eventually led to their incorporated desertion of Sethe at a time when she needs them the most.The fertilize at Baby Suggs was taken as a sign of pride, and the day after the party, the community waits, and even hopes, for Sethes downfall. Somehow the members of the black community judge that Baby Suggs has not suffered in slavery as they have suffered, and this ignorance of their mutual bill makes mutual trust impossible (Scruggs, 103). This locating of the community displays their collective un certified. Jungs theory of the collective unconscious mind represents what has been described as the psychical inheritance (Jung, 2006). It is the collection of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are born with.Since we can never be directly conscious of it, it influences all of our experiences and behaviors, particularly the randy ones, but we only know about it indirectly, by looking at the influences (Jung, 2006 Knapp, 1989 Halbwachs, 1992). The African-Americans colonial bygone tense of slavery is a collective experience with a deep rooted impact that they may not all be directly conscious of in terms of how it affects how they view themselves and their own community. It becomes manifest in their behavior, and from their behavior can one only really mark the influences of their colonial knightly.The jealousy, or envy, of the community, lead to the insulation of the communitys support from Sethe. Their silence during the appearance of the Schoolteacher at 124, which resulted in Sethes murder of her daughter, and the way they ostracized Sethe afterwards, indicated the communitys need to see a successful black familys downfall. Yet it is this jealousy which indirectly causes Sethe to perform the act for which they themselves, the community, could not allow itself to morally forgive her for a long time. The community however eventually shows a sense of vice with what happened to Sethe and her family.They participate in exorcising Beloved, indicating that the tragedy of Beloveds death was not just the responsibility of Sethe and the whites who came to get her, but of the entire black community. After all, the bl ack community must have known that the Schoolteacher and his nephews were coming for Sethe and her children, but they took no steps to warn her. Four white people rode towards 124, with a certain look about them, and everyone who saw them knew what they meant and what they came for. Yet the community did not do anything, driven perhaps by what Stamp believed was jealousy of Baby Suggs and from the feast weeks before.The 28 days of freedom Sethe experienced were followed by 18 years of disfavour by the community, and she lived a static and recluse life (Morrison, 173). Sethe herself describes this lonely existence as unlivable (Morrison, 173). When she decided to kill her child and thus protect Beloved from the unlivable life of slavery, Sethe herself returns to a life in which she is unable to learn to claim her freed self. Beloved returned in the flesh, and it actually became the enraptureutic for Sethe who had been ostracized by the community for 18 long years for what she had do ne to her daughter.Sethe was struck with guilt for having killed Beloved, and looked for ways to make up for it by have the resurrection of Beloved. In this way, Sethe chose to dwell in the recent, and Beloved became the symbol that effectively removed Sethes link with the murder of her child. The decision to exorcist Beloved was something that the entire community very much participated in. Sethes reliance on Beloved has prevented her from moving on and leaving her past behind. An exorcism of Beloved meant an exorcism of the past a much-needed step to make room for Sethes own self-realization.Exorcism because was an peculiarly communal act, and the exorcism of Beloved makes a strong statement. She represents the legacy of slavery that had marked the blacks past, and it is something that the entire community must complete with (Scruggs, 1992). Sethe, long after Beloveds death, constantly relives and rehashes her life of slavery, perhaps to justify to herself again and again why she killed her own child. This self-inflicted torture of experience her past causes Sethe to almost kill the oppressor not the Schoolteacher, but Mr. Bodwin who merely happens to be white as well.Sethe needed to face her past and to step outside the confines of her terrible history. Beloved returns to 124 for the same reason she came to patronize Sethe to force her mother to confront her past. Sethe cannot catch fire through the confines of her past without finding some resolution in her relationship with her daughter. Sethe was incapable of personal growth for 18 long years because she refused to face her own commodification and its deep implications. Jungs theory of the personal unconscious includes anything which is not presently conscious, but can be (Jung, 2006).The personal unconscious is like most peoples discretion of the unconscious in that it includes both memories that are easily brought to mind and those that have been suppressed for some reason (Hayman, 1999) . In this case, Sethes suppression of her colonial past was dominated by her own guilt in murdering her own daughter. Freuds concept of systematization provides for the cognitive distortion of fact to make an event or an impulse less threatening. People do this often on a fairly conscious take when we provide ourselves with excuses.These defenses or justifications may be seen as a combination of denial or repression with various kinds of rationalizations. Defenses are lies which take us further and further away from the truth and ultimately, from reality. At a certain point, Freud points out, the ego can no remnanting take care of the ids demands, or be attention to the superegos (Freud, 1963). The anxieties come rushing back, and the person who harbors these defenses and justifications eventually break down or deteriorate (Gay, 1988 Jones, 1961).In Sethes case, her rationalization of her daughters murder and her denial of the colonial forces in her life move to block the deve lopment of her own subjectivity. Beloveds physical presence and the ensuing relationship between her and Sethe eventually forces the latter to acknowledge the internalized colony that she had for the longest time denied. To wonder follow freedom, Sethe needed to claim freedom within her own mind by traffic with the past not as a burden, which must be beaten back by all means, but as a factor which constitutes the present.). This was something Sethe had to conquer. She kept intercommunicate herself Would it be all right? Would it be all right to go ahead and feel? Go ahead and work out on something? (Morrison, 38) This shows that there is no sense of self as there is no sense of incoming, but only of past for the former slave who has learned only how to be dependant Accepting her past as playing a diametrical role in shaping who she has become at present is important for Sethes self-identity. This is something she purposely avoided. To Sethe, the prospective was a matter of keeping the past at bay.The better life she believed she and Denver were living was simply not that other one (Morrison, 42) egotism-concept provides for the total of a beings knowledge and understanding of her self (Freud, 1963 Rieff, 1979 Pigman, 1995). This makes it necessary for Sethe to stop resorting to denial, of fending off awareness of an unpleasant truth or of a reality that is a threat to her ego, as defined by Freud (1963 Rieff, 1979), but to take stock of the reality behind what she did and what prompted her to do it.Only then could she literally sort of let go of the ghosts of her peace and enjoy total freedom. The gender conflict which comes to a resolution In an argument with Paul D, Sethe said that all man violate women. In the colonial saving, the slavery of a black woman represented the liaison between the economy of pleasure and desire, and the economy of domination and power (Wyatt, 1993). Sethe, as the black female slave, represented this difference as ra cial and sexual other. This is exemplified in Sethes rape by the Schoolteachers nephews.I am proficient God damn it of two boys with stodgy teeth, one sucking on my breast, the other holding me down, their book-reading teacher watching and writing it up. I dont want to know or have to remember that. I have other things to do worry about tomorrow, about Denver, about Beloved, about age and sickness, not to speak of love. But her witticism was not interested in the future (Morrison, 70). The Schoolteacher observes Sethes rape and makes it a tangential act. He exploits Sethe as a racial and sexual other in fiat to rewrite her identity as something less than human more of a sentient being rather than a human being.Sethe then experiences this dehumanization of herself and her body by the Schoolteacher and his nephews. Sethes personhood, as it has been allowed to exist under slavery, is further reduced to animality. Among female African-American slaves, thus, there was not just t he hoodooism of colonial discourse (Bhabha, 78) but sexual fetish to contend with as well. Pursuant to the object relations theory an adaptation of psychoanalytic theory the psychological life of the human being is created in and through relations with other human beings, through proficient object relations. Unlike Freudian and Lacanian theories, however, object relations theory, the gendering of the subject has little to do with ones awareness of sexuality and reproduction at early stages of development (in other words, when one is a child). It involves the internalization of any inequities in the value assigned to ones gender, as well as the associated imbalance of power (Wyatt, 1993 Chodorow, 1978). In Sethes case, this imbalance of power was present in two levels fetish of colonial discourse, and the sexual fetish displayed against female black slaves.This gendering is something that she carries with her even when she is freed and can be seen in her stead towards her child ren. Ideally, Sethes concern for her childs well being should not involve overinvestment in the child as a mere extension of her own self. She needs both material and emotional support from other adults who are able to both nurture her and reinforce her own sense of autonomy (Patterson and Watkins, 1996). Unfortunately, given the jolting realities of the life and conditions under slavery, Sethe hardly had the chance or the good fortune of being exposed to such an environment or good object relations. The dehumanization of African-Americans, and the dehumanization of African-American women during that period made it difficult for even women themselves to break away from the roles that club had forced them into (Chodorow, 1978). Despite the gender conflict displayed in Morrisons book however, the last chapter indicates the potential and possibility for harmonization, as Paul D returns to 124 after he hears that Beloved is finally gone. This is the first time he returned to the plac e where he escaped from, and this very act symbolizes that it is finally time for Paul D to stop running.When Paul D and Sethe are reunited, Paul D reassures Sethe that they will build a new future for themselves together, telling Sethe to take care of herself as she is her own best thing. Paul D tells Sethe he plans to move in and that he will take care of her at night, while Denver was away. As he shows Sethe, she herself and not her children is her best possession You your best thing Me? Me? (Morrison, 273) In this, we see how Paul D affirms not just Sethe as a woman, but as an individual, separate and distinct from her daughter, Beloved. WORKS CITED LISTBateman, Anthony and Holmes, Jeremy. Introduction to Psychoanalysis modern Theory & Practice. London Routledge, 1995. Bettelheim, Bruno. Freud and Mans Soul An Important Re-Interpretation of Freudian Theory. spic-and-span York Random House Vintage, 1983. Bhabha, Homi K. 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