Technological society Essay Example for Free

Technological society Essay Nowadays, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. Now, with the advent of such modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Computers are not confined to being used for entertainment but its role in education is also vast. In School, reading materials are stored in libraries. Library is a place in which books and related materials are kept for use but not for sale. It is also organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution or a private individual. In addition, it is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. The librarian has to keep the room neat so that it is conducive for learning. The librarian is also the person who is liable for monitoring all the books that are borrowed and returned by the borrowers. The proponents will propose the Simple Library System for Benigno Aquino Jr. High School Annex located at Bagong Silang Caloocan City. The Head Librarian stated that they are currently using the Dewey Decimal Library System. They are still utilizing a manual system. The library users and the librarian still use card catalogues in searching for reading materials and use index card for the records of borrowed and returned books. The proponent’s study was what is which encounter to the Library by the user, Librarian and how the Owner or the Administrator of the said school will provide a good service to their clients to have a good feedback. The study will focus on transaction which done inside the Library like borrowing, returning of books by students, faculties and staffs. In this area, the usage of computerized library system is needed because it is more easy and obviously it saves paper compare to the manual library and it saves a lot more time. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The proponents choose the Benigno Aquino Jr. High School, Located at Phase 3 Bagong Silang Caloocan City. Simple Library System is a process of organizing important information, used to track items borrowed and the scheduled time of returning. This system helps users or people who responsible in recording the data appropriately, it also saves time and more convenient to use than the traditional manual recording. Lack of library system in a school can lead to chaos and troubles, and because of it the librarian is having a problem to serve each students and faculties who wish to use the library. It is extremely useful in the school to use that automated system. From this simple term paper. The librarian can easily monitor the transactions of every students. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The part of documentation states the purpose or the objective of the proponents in developing their proposed system. It is divided into two parts, the General Objective, which is the objective of the study as a whole and the Specific Objectives, a much defined and detailed enumeration of the objective of the proponents. General Objectives Aside from developing an easier way of evaluating the library, this study aims to improve the system and making it more accessible for both students and faculty. Specific Objectives The following are the list of specific objectives of the proponents in developing this system: 1. To upgrade the style or method of the library they have. 2. To lessen the time consumed. 3. To provide a more reliable and effective library system. 4. To provide a faster way of their transactions.

Three Supermarkets Namely Tesco Dunnes Store And Aldi Business Essay

Three Supermarkets Namely Tesco Dunnes Store And Aldi Business Essay Several decades ago, the manufacture industry occupied the most important status in the business world. Service industry merely existed as an accessorial industry for the manufacture industry. Product and service were recognised as two diverse aspects. In other words, product quality and service quality were two disparate measures of performance. Moreover, customer service was ignored for a long time and was identified in a very narrow meaning. Nevertheless, nowadays, according to the expanding and diversified economy international economy, customer service can be the critically crucial factor between an organisations success and failure. Most organisations are providing excellent and distinguished customer service in order to retain existing customers and attract more potential customers. Consequently, the organisation acquires the competitive edge among businesses in final. However, if the organisation handles customer service in a disastrous way it can damage the businesss operations. Customers in the current trends incessantly demand to improved levels of service. Therefore, the issue of customer service training, particularly in a retail environment has improved greatly over the past decades. Retail companies spend massive efforts, time, money and other resources into training programmes as a result of treating customer service as a key factor for companies. Although the importance of customer service quality is well-known, through the existing literature, there are relatively few studies which argue if customer service training impacts customer satisfaction in the supermarket industry. The purpose of this study intends to address the relationship between customer satisfaction and customer service training programmes. Intense competition and market saturation are forcing supermarkets to access new revenue streams worldwide. Supermarkets are expanding their array of products through mass customization, developing private label lines, embracing internet and home delivery services and increasing focus on customer loyalty programs (Agnese, 2003; Blisard et al. 2002). Market saturation, extreme competition and shifts in demographics teamed with the recent economic slump restrict players in the supermarket industry to limited external market growth. In an attempt to deal with diverse markets (the first major business issue), supermarket retailers are forced to customize various operating strategies expanding the array of services and products, increasing loyalty of profitable customers, generating profits through private labelling, and reaching customers through new delivery methods like internet shopping and home delivery. Supermarket retailers attempt the most effort to satisfy customer needs in orde r to maintain the existing customers and attract potential customers. Customer service and training can not be ignored by supermarkets. This research will investigate three supermarkets, namely, TESCO, Dunnes Store and ALDI. TESCO Tesco plc is a UK-based international grocery and general merchandising retail chain. It is the largest British retailer by both global sales and domestic market share, with profits exceeding  £3  billion. It is currently the third largest global retailer based on revenue, behind Wal-Mart and Frances Carrefour, but second largest based on profit, ahead of Carrefour. Dunnes Store The company, which is privately owned, is intensely proud of the fact that it is an Irish company. The guiding principles of the company are to provide its customers with a choice of good quality products at competitive prices. These principles are encapsulated in the words Better Value for which Dunnes Stores has become famous. 15,000 people operate throughout the Dunnes Stores Group within a vast array of different and diverse positions. ALDI ALDI, short for ALbrecht DIscount, is a discount supermarket chain based in Germany. They are still Germanys richest men, earning an estimated à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.5 billion per year. Cost-cutting strategies save Aldi money and the general price level in Aldi stores shows that most of these savings are passed directly on to consumers. Employees are expected to alternate between checking customers out and store maintenance, such that all employees focus on that during peak hours. Conversely when customer traffic is low, only one employee will check people out while the rest perform other duties required to run the store (pallet removal/insertion, cleaning etc). 1.2 Research Question Research question is foundation stone for the research. Bryman and Bell (2003) point out that formulation of the research questions are crucial because they will: guide your literature search; guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ; guide your decisions about what data to collect and from whom; guide your analysis of your data guide your writing up of your data; stop you from going off in unnecessary directions. The researcher intent to answer the following research question: Does customer service training impact on customer satisfaction levels in the supermarket industry? In addition, the research question should always generate new insights into a subject matter. Based on the best of the researchers knowledge, no studies have been carried out on the relationship between customer service training and customer satisfaction in the supermarket industry. The findings of this research will be valuable information to those involved in the areas of customer satisfaction, customer service training and supermarket. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 overview of supermarket industry In recent years, the customer base in much of the world has been declining or stabilizing and market demographics have shifted considerably (Agnese, 2003). The rate of population growth has decreased across the board worldwide over the past 30 years. In low-income countries it declined from 2.0 percent in 2000 to 1.9 percent in 2003 then to 1.8 percent 2004 and finally 1.8 percent in 2005. In middle income countries population growth remained stable at 0.9 percent in 2000, 2003, 2004, and 2005. In high-income countries it declined from 0.8 percent in 2000 to 0.7 percent in 2003, 0.7 percent in 2004, and 0.7 percent in 2005 (World Development Indicators Database, April 2006, www.worldbank.org), Todays woman bears, on average, less than three children down from five in the 1960s (World Bank, 2003). This trend is expected to continue until at least 2010 (World Bank, 2003).The world economy is also struggling. Annual GDP has been stagnant the past five years in countries of all income le vels. During 2000-2005, annual GDP was between $0.85 and 1.4 trillion for low. The supermarket industry is well saturated as a result of urbanization and many existing supermarkets in residential neighborhoods. The industries within the USA, Canada, Europe and Japan are highly mature (Table I). Growth opportunities, which traditionally came from opening new stores, are now found mainly in same store growth, complimentary markets and acquisitions. Saturation has given rise to intense competition and required many grocers to address new types of competitive threats (restaurants, home shopping delivery, etc.) and rethink their traditional business model (Stadler, 2002). 2.2. Overview of Customer Satisfaction 2.2.1 Signification of Customer Satisfaction The service sector has developed considerably during the past 20 years, so far, it occupies close to three-quarters of GDP, three-quarters of employment. It leads to increase competition and customer demand for higher quality service and products have forced organisations to both examine the levels of service they presently provide and increase the quality of service provided to customers. Furthermore, customer satisfaction is one of the most important factors of customer service. Satisfied customers who stay with a company for a long period tend to impact the profitability of the company in several ways. First, their repeat business generates income for the company. Second, because of the expenditure involved in advertising, promotion, and start-up activities, acquiring new customers can cost much more than retaining existing ones. Third, loyal (and satisfied) customers often spread the good news and recommend the services to several others (Anderson and Sullivan, 1990; Reicheld and Sasser, 1990; Zeithaml et al., 1996). High customer satisfaction has many benefits for the company, such as increased consumer loyalty, enhanced firm reputation, reduced price elasticises, lower costs of future transactions, and higher employee efficiency (Anderson et al., 1994; Fornell, 1992; Swanson and Kelley, 2001). On the other hand, dissatisfied customers may take their businesses elsewhere and disparage the firm. The success of Aldi and Lidl, both German-owned, coincided with the recession that put a squeeze on household budgets. The stores adopt a pile it high, sell it cheap philosophy, and high customer Satisfaction while the number of staff per store is a fraction of mainstream operators. They both charge for plastic bags, and do not tend to offer big brands. The success of some budget supermarkets in our survey proves that savvy shoppers can make the most of their money without compromising on quality. (chief executive Peter Vicary-Smith)UK shoppers want the whole package great value for money, a wide range of quality products and a pleasant shopping environment. Its not rocket science, but those supermarkets that consistently get it wrong should beware shoppers will vote with their feet and take their business elsewhere. 2.2.2 Customer Satisfaction Theories In the past several decades, many definitions of customer satisfaction had been defined already. Customer satisfaction generally means customer reaction to the state of fulfilment, and customer judgment of the fulfilled state (Oliver, 1997). Brown (1992) defined customer satisfaction as: the state in which customer needs, wants and expectations throughout the product or services life are net or exceeded resulting in repeat purchase, loyalty and favourable worth-of mouth. Satisfaction is a persons feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a products perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectations (Kotler, 1997). And, Bitner and Zeithaml (2003) pointed out satisfaction as follows: The customers evaluation of a product or service in terms of whether that product or service has met their needs and expectations. Finally, throughout the literature researched, Kotler and Armstrong (2006) deem that customer satisfaction is an emotional attitude generated towards a product, resulting from the comparison of what was expected and what was received. Customers compare their expectations of a product or service with their perceptions of what they received. If perceptions meet or exceed expectations, the customer is generally satisfied. However, if expectations are not met, the customer is generally unsatisfied with the service. 2.2.3 Customer Satisfaction Model The customer satisfaction model from Kano (1984) is a quality management and marketing technique that can be used for measuring client happiness. Kanos model of customer satisfaction distinguishes six categories of quality attributes, from which the first three actually influence customer satisfaction (See Appendix 1): Basic Factors. (Dissatisfiers. Must have.) -The minimum requirements which will cause dissatisfaction if they are not fulfilled but do not cause customer satisfaction if they are fulfilled (or are exceeded). The customer regards these as prerequisites and takes these for granted. Basic factors establish a market entry threshold. Excitement Factors. (Satisfiers. Attractive.) The factors that increase customer satisfaction if delivered but do not cause dissatisfaction if they are not delivered. These factors surprise the customer and generate delight. Performance Factors. The factors that cause satisfaction if the performance is high and they cause dissatisfaction if the performance is low. Here, the attribute performance-overall satisfaction is linear and symmetric. Typically these factors are directly connected to customers explicit needs and desires and a company should try to be competitive here. The price for which customer is willing to pay for a product is closely tied to performance attributes. The additional three attributes which Kano (1984) mentions are: Indifferent attributes. The customer does not care about this feature. Questionable attributes. It is unclear whether this attribute is expected by the customer. Reverse attributes. The reverse of this product feature was expected by the customer. These last three attributes are often of little or no consequence to the customer, and do not factor into consumer decisions. An example of this type of attribute is a plate listing part numbers can be found under the hood on many vehicles for use by repairpersons. 2.2.4 Factors that influence customer satisfaction According to Wong and Sohal (2003), the greater the degree to which a consumer experiences satisfaction with a retailer, the greater the probability the consumer will revisit the retailer. In order to acquire a good understanding of customer satisfaction and distinguish which features compose successful customer satisfaction in the retail environment, the researcher has identified the following findings. Customer aspect Customer satisfaction is strongly influenced by customer characteristics such as variety seeking, age and income. Demographics variables such as education and age have also been found to be good predictors of the level of customer satisfaction (Homburg and Giering, 2001). Satisfied customers tend to use a service more often than those not satisfied (Bolton and Lemon, 1999), they present stronger repurchase intentions, and they recommend the service to their acquaintances (Zeithaml et al, 1996). It has been suggested that satisfaction has a direct effect on repurchase intentions (Reichled and Teal, 1996). Employee aspect Personnel affect the satisfaction level of the occasional, probably due to the aid they require from supermarket staff as they do not know the store layout and/or facilities. Wang and Netemeyer (2004) pointed out that employees competence and abilities are not the only important factors, but also the employees friendliness and general presentation play a particularly central role. Especially against a background of strong price orientation by some retailers and the increasing homogeneity of products and assortments, service quality is a very promising means of creating a distinctive retailer brand, not only for specialty retailers. Service quality aspect In todays world of intense competition, the key to sustainable competitive advantage lies in delivering high quality service that will in turn result in satisfied customers. Quality is one dimension on which satisfaction is based ¼Ã…’one group of researchers upholds that satisfaction is antecedent to service quality. Another group of researchers who believe that service quality is antecedent to satisfaction argue that since service quality is a cognitive evaluation, a positive service quality perception can lead to satisfaction, which may in turn lead to favourable behavioural intentions (Brady and Robertson, 2001). A third perspective maintains that there is a non-recursive relationship between service quality and satisfaction (Taylor and Cronin, 1994). For the service industry in general, the authors divided service quality into two categories: technical quality, primarily focused on what consumers actually receive from the service department, and functional quality, focusing on the process of rendering service. Emotions aspect Liljander and Strandvil (1997) observed that affective reports are more highly predictive in consumer situations involving services than those involving physical products. Darden and Babin (1994), for example, discuss the importance of emotions in retailing, and point out the need to include affective factors when studying store image and purchase behaviour. They contend that, in order to account fully for a stores retail personality, both its functional and emotional meaning should be assessed. Both factors influence the customers perceived store image and his/her purchase behaviour. In a small empirical study, the authors found evidence of the usefulness of affective quality (items taken from Russell and Pratt, 1980) as a means of explaining consumers mental representations of retail stores. Store aspect Whites (1996) meta-analysis of manufacturing performance defines a set of variables that influence customer satisfaction including quality, delivery speed, delivery dependability, cost, flexibility, and innovation. Gagliano and Hathcote (1994) divide service in retailing into store service (e.g. returns/exchanges, after sales service) and sales service (helpfulness, friendliness, employees competence). Darian et al. (2005) state that a retailer should avoid poor service levels for any service activity. Furthermore, one also had to bear in mind that customers develop specific preferences for specific brands. Regardless whether such preferences are habitual or demonstrate loyalty to the brand (Gounaris and Stahakopoulos, 2004), weaken the consumers actual involvement with the stores atmosphere and aesthetics since they enter the supermarket with a predetermined choice plan. 2.2.5 Argument for customer satisfaction Roger and Rolf (2002) suggest that customer satisfaction with service industry probably decrease its significance through the developed world because most people do not care it any more. In other words, the trouble is, it may be dead but it will not lie down. In Roger and Rolf (2002) view, line managers primarily struggle to meet their financial targets since this is what most of them believe dictates their bonuses and future promotion and their ability to move to other jobs. Further, for such managers, customers are potential assets that need to be managed and leveraged. So, customer relationship management is key, not customer satisfaction (Srivastava et al., 1998). Customer satisfaction is losing its status even for marketers. It is not helping them in achieving this aim such as understanding their marketplace so that they can continually present key customers with better value offerings than the competition. There are three main reasons to cause it. Firstly, it is very difficult to measure; secondly, even when measured, it often has little relation to actual purchase behaviour; thirdly, new technology is opening up both the actual purchasing activities and the possible reasons behind them. 2.3 Overview of Training 2.3.1 Signification of Training Every organisations desire to complete their goals and to survive in an increasingly competitive world must utilise effectively and efficiently its most valuable asset- the skills of its employees. According to Ferketish and Hayden (1992), the human resource development (HRD) challenge for the next decade will be to assure a continuous improvement culture by keeping the system aligned with continuous improvement strategies. Bramley (2003) argues that training implies learning to do something and, when it is successful, it results in things being done differently. The author believes that training should be a planned process rather than an accidental one. To be more specific, Barlow and Mail (2000) suggest that receiving service is both a personal and psychological experience. There is a psychological and physical closeness between employees and customers in the service encounter, effective training done not only make supermarket sales process more efficient, also provide satisfaction to customer, which helps retain their loyalty to companys brand, or become an opinion leader to spread in other consumers about supermarkets reputation. In addition, there is no quality control in the customer contact; service providers work alone and without supervision, fail to train service providers may lead to the consequence that dissatisfied customers may take their business elsewhere and disparage the firm. 2.3.2 Customer Service Training The definition of training, Heery and Noon (2001) introduce the concept of competence, explaining that training is the process of changing the skills, attitudes, and knowledge of employees with the purpose of achieving or improving their levels of competence. In other words, training is that through a designed process, management is able to change, improve employees working skill, attitude, and knowledge to suit their current position or fit higher level organisational hierarchy in thecontext of career development. Refer to the retailing industry, customer service training can be seen as a grass roots program, which provides employees the knowledge and skill of serving customers. There is no surprise that Customer service training is considered as one of the most vital factors to improve the level of employees capability when dealing with customers in retailing industry by market researchers and organisation management. The very common customer training is all the activities performed to support the customer during the supplier-customer exchange, including all presale, sale, and post-sale activities (Markland, Vickery, and Davis, 1995), in order to maximize customer satisfaction. High level of customer satisfaction makes customers more dependable on retailers or suppliers, as a result, organisations build strong relationship with their customers, strength customer loyalty, which Innis and La Londe (1994) suggest that can be considered as a effective competitive advantage over rival firms. Todays business world, skilled labour is seen as one of the most valuable assets, human resource managers have to effectively utilise training programme, where can be crucia l to companys success. For instance, all new employees at Disneyland and Walt Disney World must attend Disney University, where they undergo a special training program for Disney employees. However, many companies do not always support training programmes. They may be indirectly unsupportive of training programmes by not covering for that employee while they are off-the-job on a training programme. Inappropriate training programme is another issue, especially under global financial crisis, most companies are suffering from difficulties, the situation requires firms consider cost more carefully. Formal training course is usually a big expense which management willing to cut. Furthermore, the management may concentrate on areas of training which increase productivity or efficiency, but not customer service. Moreover, the customer service programmes may emphasise areas which customers do not consider important. For example, the training may focus on how to smile, how to respond to a certain situation, rather than providing service providers with skills to enable them to foresee customer needs and wants and to be able to respond in a very personal and customised manner to t hat customer needs or wants (Coulter et al., 1989) 2.3.3 Training Process Reid and Barrington (2000) use the Training and Development National Standards to design the training process. The purpose of the standards is stated as being to develop human potential to assist organisations and individuals to achieve their objective. The following is the comprehensive lists that break down the training process into its main functional areas and sub-areas. Identify training and development needs Identify organisational training and development requirements Identify learning requirements of individuals Plan and design training and development Design training and development strategies for organisations Design training and development programmes Design and produce learning materials Deliver training and development Manage the implementation of training and development Facilitate learning with individuals and groups Review progress and assess achievement Monitor and review progress Assess individual achievement Assess individual achievement of competence Continuously improve the effectiveness of training and development Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development within an organisation Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development programmes Improve own training and development practice Contribute to advances and developments 2.3.4 Customer Service Training Dimensions Based on theory of Lin and Darling (1997), the customer service training process should be learned as a multidimensional issue. They segment the training process by three dimensions: 1. an analytical dimension of tasks, technique, procedure and system. 2. a behavioural dimension, concerned with attitudes, perceptions, and motivation. 3. and an organisational learning dimension, concerned with management style, corporate culture, structure and information flows. The first dimension, analytical dimension is the most widely recognised, it means that management breaks down service tasks into several trainable steps. Typical topics include such major headings as the customer and market knowledge, and knowledge of the selling process (Anderson, Hair and Bush, 1992; Ingram 1992). The training may include high service element is often made more effective by including words, photographs, drawings, video tapes, computer-based training. The purples of the analytical dimension are to concentrate the relationship between service providers and customers, based on the analytical results of service input and output. Moreover, quality and technical issues are also the concerns of management in analytical dimension. Above individual employees level is the organisational behaviour training, which is not any written rules or skill or knowledge that can be learned by any course, but the way of doing daily business of certain organisations. Positive and effective organisation behaviour is a valuable advantage for retailing business, which can strongly support on job training new employees and improve levels of customer service. Therefore, the third dimension also known as organisational learning was introduced by Nevis et al. (1995) it defines as the capacity or processes within an organisation to maintain or improve performance based on experience. According to information processing perspective (Garvin, 1993), organisational learning encompasses the acquisition, dissemination, interpretation, and storage of information that results in the modification of the potential range of behaviours to reflect new knowledge and insights organisations that are responsive to customers needs engage in organisati onal learning in a customer information context (Day, 1991). Moreover, Training should lead not only to the improvement of skills but also to change in the ways employees think and view their jobs and the company. 2.3.5 Customer Service Training Barriers Binshan and John (1997) point out three ancillary issues add complexity to training program implementation. These implementation issues involve operational barriers, managerial barriers, and cultural/structural barriers. The operational barriers focus on training technique and the roles of training officers. The training officers can play either the provider role or the change agent role. The provider has a generally accepted, although limited, role in offering training expertise geared toward the maintenance and development of organisational performance, but it does not extend to organisational change. On the other hand, the change agent is the classic organisation development consultant and performs a role that is the antithesis of the provider role. As the title implies, the change agent views the customer service function as giving rise to organisational problems and is concerned with helping others to resolve these problems through changing the organisational culture. Thus, the message of the change agent is always clear: Change is good, change is essential, and change is here to stay. 2.36 Efficient consumer response (ECR) and logistics systems structure Supermarket chains are dealing with their unique positions by implementing a common strategy: ECR (Kurt Salmon Associates, 1993). This strategy is becoming central to shaping logistical trends within the supermarket industry (the third major business issue). ECR focuses on the customer as the driving force of the system. It involves evaluating inefficiencies throughout the entire supply chain to create improvements on every level. ECR was started in the USA in 1992 in response to low growth, high competition, and consumer pressure. The movement spread to Europe in 1994, Asia in 1996, Latin America in 1998 and is now starting in India. The system requires cooperation and information sharing between members of the supply chain, and more commonly involves cooperation between previously unrelated suppliers. In many cases, ECR strategies now include competitors. Although suppliers do not always agree, efforts pay off for all parties (Corsten and Kumar, 2003). Grocery stores in the USA los e $6 billion in sales per year, $200,000 per average supermarket, due to out-of-stock products in the top 25 grocery categories (Stadler, 2002). Approximately,  £2.5 billion a year in the UK is lost because a product is not on the shelf when a customer is looking to buy it (Rowat, 2006). When products are on the shelves, customers get better service, supermarkets increase profitability and sales and suppliers reduce transportation costs and increase sales. Although born in the USA, the ECR movement in Europe gained momentum to allow the European chains to quickly outperform their US counterparts, primarily due to the lack of space, issues related to dealing closely with 14 countries and transportation costs. American chains often have warehouses that rival the shop floor in square footage. This space provides plenty of room for safety stock. European supermarkets often lack back rooms, requiring that inventory systems be extremely efficient and accurate to avoid stock-outs without requiring any extra inventory. The same factors allow the US to achieve profitability with an average of $510,000 in sales and 40,000-50,000 SKUs per store, while European supermarkets must have higher sales with only 20,000-35,000 SKUs (Fallon, 1998). In 2005, it was reported that grocery retailers in the UK were now keeping an average of 11.3 days worth of stock compared with 12.8 days in 2003 (Food Manufacture, 2004). 2.4 The Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Training Because of customers are vital to business growth and success, so customer service, especially satisfying customer is the key to achieve the business growth and success. How to train staffs to satisfy customers that is big challenge need to face by organisation. The important factor is the measurement of customer satisfaction as fourth factor. As before mentioned, the lack of market research identified in the Irish survey, few managers represent dissatisfaction with the results of market research but an even greater number did not attempt to carry it out. To respond complaint from customer that is a method to access customer needs and wants. However, this may be a motivating

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay As discussed in the last section the Waltzian model of realism has had profound effects on international relations theory. However, even fellow realists have found problems and inconsistencies with Waltzs structural realism. John Mearsheimer is one of these theorists. He uses and adapts on Waltzs theory to paint a much more pessimistic and altogether darker picture of International relations theory. He expands on Waltzs idea of structure causing behaviour, but he rejects the status quo bias in Waltzs theory. (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 20) Instead he favours a more aggressive form of state interaction forced by anarchic systems which lead states to become hegemonies. Mearsheimer still refers to himself as a structural realist because his assumptions are based on states acting in an anarchic system. While he uses Waltzs theory of structure he does have serious reservations about defensive realisms theoretical usefulness: Realist theories are invariably simple or parsimonious, which has an upside and a downside. Any simple theory, as we all know, can only explain so much about the world, because by definition it omits a variety of factors from its explanatory apparatus, and sometimes those factors matter a lot. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 107) He goes further to explain why this is a problem for Waltzs theory: My main problem with defensive realism is that it does not do a good job of explaining how the world actually works. It may be a good normative theory but it is not a good descriptive theory. (ibid., p. 111) Mearsheimer has attempted to rectify this problem by creating a new theory, or more accurately, amending the pre-existing theory. To do this he state the five key assumptions realism is based upon. The bulk of this section will attempt to critique his amendments to Waltzs structural realism and will attempt to show how they are also logically dubious. As stated in the previous section Waltz erred on the side of parsimony rather than providing a descriptive theory. (SÃ ¸rensen, 2011, p. 112) Mearsheimer starts his book with his five key assumptions, which he restates throughout his work. While he never explicitly ranks them, it is fair to say, based on his theory, that the following order is most important to least important. States are the key actors in World Politics and they operate in an anarchic system. Great powers invariably have some offensive military capability. States can never be certain whether other states have hostile intentions towards them. Great powers place a high premium on survival. States are rational actors who are reasonably effective at designing strategies that maximise their chances of survival. (ibid., pp. 362-363) Mearsheimer seems to add an addendum to his own work, that maximising chances for survival necessarily dictates that states are power-hungry. That they will attempt to gain power and try to achieve regional and perhaps global hegemony. He creates a set of mutually exclusive conditions tries to make them operate in concert to explain state behaviour. He claims in his book The Tragedy of Great Power Politics that the structure of the international system, not the particular characteristics of individual powers, causes them to think and act offensively and to seek hegemony. (ibid., p. 53) He argues that Waltzs self-help behaviour, created by security dilemmas within the international system, was not taken far enough. In anarchy the desire to survive encourages states to behave aggressively. (ibid., p. 54) He assumes that such behaviour does not accurately explain states primary motivation and that when given the opportunity that states will act to create superiority or hegemony. He make s very little effort to explain why an anarchic system forces these actions. He assumes that through a series of, arguably flawed, case studies that his reader will accept his assumption as an epistemological fact. This is counterintuitive when his first assumption of world politics tells that states act in anarchy. Mearsheimer explains that anarchy means that states have no higher authority above them. (2005, p. 2005) Hegemony is defined by Mearsheimer as a state that is so powerful that it dominates all the other states in the system. (2001, p. 40) This would then prioritize the hegemon and it would act as a higher authority in the international system. This could conceivably create a hierarchic international system. Mearsheimer rejects this, and contradicts the logical extension of his theoretical assumptions in the process, when describing the present international system; we are not moving towards a hierarchic international system, which would effectively mean some kind of world government. In fact, anarchy looks like it will be with us for a long time. (2001, p. 365) Mearsheimer seems to be suggesting throughout his work that the hegemon would not be an authority above the states but more of a primus inter pares. His reasoning for hegemonic growth is based in the security dilemma international relations presents. The ultimate goal being survival states will attempt to gain enough relative power that they cannot be threatened. (Wang, 2004, pp. 176-177) Nevertheless, there is still no compelling argument given to show how anarchy relates to hegemonic stability theory. This apparent contradiction between theoretical assumptions warrants further consideration. To provide a critique that is both succinct and effective it is reasonable to use a few fundamental shortcuts in the following examination. The first of these is that this critique will assume that Mearsheimers underlying theoretical assumptions are correct (within the reaches of his own theory). In particular his first assumption that the structure of world politics is anarchical and the underlying premise of his work that states seek power to enhance security and that hegemony is the ultimate goal are the two theoretical assumptions that will be focused on. The second is to assume that he is correct when he labels America as a regional hegemony. It is important to note that neither of these conditions are as clear cut or simple as Mearsheimer would seem to believe, indeed the first will be challenged throughout this section. The critique will be examining the relationship between the Europea n Union and America. It will question whether the primus inter pares relationship described above is real or if hegemonic stability theory is anathema to anarchic structures. To begin it should be noted that it is very hard to make the case that Europe is one homogenous entity subject to the same rules and responsibilities of a state. This argument is largely born as a hypothetical situation. The following situation is being used to demonstrate a logical inconsistency and contradiction within Mearsheimers theory. I intend to question Mearsheimers conception of state actions and anarchy. Without considering other influencing factors (given that almost all realists assume that states are the main actors) the main actor that will be discussed is Germany. The situation will use Mearsheimers own arguments regarding potential hegemonies and the actions existing hegemonies take to prevent their rise. Mearsheimer argues that economic and political interdependence would not be enough to secure the rise of Germany within Europe. (1994-1995, pp. 6-8) America is the deciding factor when it comes to preventing war in Europe. (ibid. 6-8, 47-49) This is the action of a hegemonic entity he argues. States that achieve regional Hegemony seek to prevent great powers in other regions from duplicating their feat. Thus the United States, for example, played a key role in preventing imperial Japan, Wilhelmine Germany, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from gaining regional supremacy. (Mearsheimer J. J., 2001, p. 41) He goes on to explain how this is relevant to the example: If a potential hegemon emerges among them, the other great powers in that region might be able to contain it by themselves, allowing the distant hegemon to remain safely on the sidelines. Of course, if the local great powers were unable to do the job, the distant hegemon would take the appropriate measures. (ibid., p. 41) Mearsheimer states that this form of state (it is worthwhile to point out that a hegemon is substantially different to a state this point will be expanded upon later in the section) behaviour is more about balancing power and preventing a potential threat becoming an actual threat. This is broadly in keeping with realist assumptions of state action. However, if the term balancing is replaced with policing, which is equally applicable, the action becomes problematic if the system is meant to remain anarchic. He does in fact explicitly state that the peace in Europe today, is the result of the American pacifier, not the establishment of a security community. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 116) This is not the role of a hegemonic balancing act. It is the imposition of order by the hegemon on other states. There is an argument to be made that it does balance a perceived future threat, that argument is, however, unconvincing. The security dilemma does not stipulate that a state respond to an implied threat, the only response warranted is when there is a de facto threat. The degree of economic integration and interdependence in Europe necessarily precludes Germany from seeking power as it would lead to negative gain. Mearsheimer oddly goes further than this when discussing this problem I think you have peace in western Europe because there is a higher authority that maintains order. There is a 911 to call: the United States. (2006, p. 121) The contradiction becomes apparent; anarchy is the absence of a higher authority, hegemony is the imposition of it. There is little doubt that Mearsheimer would disagree with this interpretation of hegemony as he would regard America acting as a global policeman (absent the need to balance an aggressively growing potential hegemon) as ill advised and contrary to the underlying assumptions of his theory. (2001, pp. 50-51) The reason this example is so confused is also born out of a contradiction implicit within Mearsheimers work. Germany could never be a potential hegemon, irrespective of historical imperatives. The reasons for this are apparent in Mearsheimers own work the rational actor assumption would seem to stop a state from taking an action where the costs outweigh the potential gains. (ibid. p.37) This means, largely due to the level of economic interdependence that Germany is not likely to become an expansionistic power. The contradiction that comes out is that while the buffer that America provides (which Mearsheimer disagrees with profoundly (2006, pp. 118-121)) is not a response to a potential hegemon it is the imposition of hegemonic strength. However, this contradiction does not detract from the problem of hegemonic dominance necessarily translating the anarchic system into a hierarchical one. Quite aside from that particular theoretical inconsistency, there is a problem with Mearsheimers power lust vs. balancing theory. He has three conditions that control this form of state action: Great powers try to expand only when opportunities arise. They do so when the benefits clearly exceed the risks and costs. They will desist from expansion when blocked and wait for a more propitious moment (Snyder, 2002, p. 153) The causal root of this competitive balancing is deeply rooted in the structure (or so we are lead to believe) anarchy forces each state to assume a security dilemma. This is argument is never truly pursued in his work, it is assumed that the self-help nature that Ken Waltz puts forward and this security problem is the driver for the state action. When examined this explanation of state action is completely unsatisfactory. Richard Rosecrance explains the problem of this form of state action. At the turn of the century, the United States passed Great Britain without war. In economic terms, Japan moved ahead of the Soviet Union in 1983 but neither country was tempted to fight over the transition. The German rise vis-a-vis Britain at the end of the nineteenth century would not have been a problem had it not been that the Kaiser decided to build a great navy and challenge Britain both at home and overseas. If Germany had remained a land power as it opted to do under Bismarck it would not have caused British opposition or provoked an arms race. (2006, p. 32) Britain, from the mid 19th century to the start of the First World War was the regional hegemony. It had almost complete control of the sea and a huge empire to support itself. Both America and Wilhelmine Germany were potential regional hegemonies. Britain did not in any way try to challenge their growth. Similarly the Soviet Union did not balance the growing hegemony of Japan. This seems to ignore both the rational actor model and hegemonic stability theory, both of which are key parts Mearsheimers theory. Mearsheimers work on offensive realism is riddled with mutual exclusions and contradictions. It does still remain an interesting theory; it attempts to add broader explanatory assumptions to a set of normative principles. The problem is that the theory attempts to do too much. It tries to explain state motivations and actions as well as the outcomes produced. It, however, uses very narrow ontological assumptions to provide explanation. We are presented with the idea that states have a will to power driven by a security threat which is in turn driven by the anarchical system. Mearsheimer does not explain coherently why an anarchic structure forces states into such an aggressive competition, he serves it up as an epistemological fact and an eternal truth. With these problems in mind, it is also important to remember that Mearsheimer theory does cover some aspects of international relations. The addition of the rational actor model is likely a positive change in realist perspective, wit h the caveat that states can act irrationally at times. This section has provided a critique of Mearsheimers work using his own theories and examples. I have tried to remain as constant to Mearsheimers own theoretical assumptions as possible. While by no means conclusive it does serve to illustrate some severe problems with the theory that need to be rectified. The validity of his core assumptions are not what I have questioned, it is the underlying addition to these assumptions of hegemonic stability theory that I strongly disagree with. While Mearsheimer does give empirical evidence to support his claims, the validity of this evidence is up for debate.

Chiang Kai-shek :: Essays Papers

Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Kai-shek, also known as Chiang Chung-cheng, was the son of a middle-class wine merchant who lived in the village of Chikow in Chekiang Province. When he was fourteen years old, following the Chinese custom of that time, he was arranged to be marry by his mother (the bride’s name is not mentioned). His bride and he did not see each other until his walk down the aisle. He did this without complaints only to please his mother. Once he was married he met his bride’s parents, as was tradition. Due to Chiang’s bad temper, the meeting ended in arguments between Chiang and his bride’s father. Once home he tried to keep his mind off of the marriage and concentrated more on what kind of man he wanted to become. He dreamed of becoming a soldier. He saw adventure in a military career and felt comfortable with the demand for authority, order, and strength. Though his family objected and hoped for him to study law, he went off to Tokyo Military Staff College i n 1907. There he became a follower of the revolutionary leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen. This encouraged him in 1911 to take part in the revolt that established the Chinese Republic. In 1917 when Sun established the Guangzhou government, Chiang was his military aide. Sun sent him to the USSR to study Russia military methods and was more than willing to go. He got a good response from the people there. Not only did they give him advice but they also sent thirty or so military men as help. One of these men, named Michael Borodin suggested that they start a military academy in China. They placed it in Whampoa and named it the Whampoa Military Academy. Their main goal was to demand and deserve respect. Once opened they received 1,500 applicants. It planned to register only 300. Sun began to encourage Chiang’s participation in the Nationalist party. After Sun died in 1925, Chiang became a powerful figure in the it and in 1926 took command of the Nationalist army. This was called the Northern Expedition, entering into Shanghai, Hankou, and Nanjing. Chiang initiated the long civil war between the Nationalist government and the Communists.. This was ended in 1936 by General Chang Hsueh-liang who hoped to unite in defense of the approaching Japanese. Many felt that unity could not be achieved unless Chiang were removed as commander-in-chief even before the expedition was completed.

?It is wrong to try and convert people to your religion.? :: essays research papers

There are many different views to this statement within the Christian faith.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Christian church believes in religious freedom, but they believe that Christianity is the only religion with complete truth, whereas the other religions only contain some truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One view is of exclusivism. This is the â€Å"old† accepted way. To be â€Å"saved† people must hear and respond to the Christian message. It is the duty of Christians to convert people in order to save them. In Matthew it is said, â€Å"Go make disciples of all nations†. This is a direct instruction for people to go and convert people to Christianity. They believe that the Bible is the word of God, and you can only reach salvation by following Jesus. Jesus said in John 14:6, â€Å" I am the way to truth and the life. No-one comes to the Father except through me†. This shows that you must follow Jesus’ teachings to get to heaven, and by converting people they are helping them get to heaven. An example of this is with Jahovah’s Witnesses. They believe that it is their duty to save people. They believe that they should spread the word to those who have not heard of the religion, so they have a chance to follow it. They do th is by going from house to house to try and find these people and talk to them about God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another view is of inclusivism. This is the more modern view for Christians. They believe that everybody is born with Gods grace and the ability to be saved. They believe that if you are following another religion and you have not heard of Jesus then you will still go to heaven as you are trying to find the truth. They still believe, however, that Christianity is the only religion, which is complete truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another Christian view is based on John 14:2. Jesus says, â€Å"In my Father’s house there are many rooms†. Some Christians believe that this means that heaven accepts different religions, so conversion is not needed. They believe that every religion has truth, and all lead to belief in God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another view is of pluralism. Hindus follow this view. They believe that all religions are pathways to enlightenment.

Globalisation Is Becoming A Normal Word In Todays Business Environment Economics Essay

Globalization is going a normal word in today ‘s concern environment where different states are incorporating with one another. No state can be self sufficient, they depend on one another. It is really common to see different states traveling from their ain states and put to other country/countries in order to acquire markets or resources such as inexpensive labor. State boundaries are no longer an issue due to advancement in engineering. Globalisation plays a great function on the economical development of different states in the universe particularly in the developed states such as US which has investings in different states around the Earth. On the other side of the coin globalization has negative impacts on societal, cultural, political, technological, environmental every bit good as economical activities of different states. The purpose of this essay is to asses globalization impacts on the emerging economic systems, whether it is an chance for their growing or a menace. China will be used as the base of this analysis. The essay will concentrate on ; what is globalization, its drivers, functions of globalization every bit good as the manner it is incorporated in international trade. It will besides concentrate on the emerging economic systems every bit good as analyzing why China has opened doors to globalization. Title: The impact of globalization to emerging market economic systems Research inquiry: What is the impact of globalization on emerging economic systems? 1.0 Introduction Over the old ages it has been witnessed that the facet of societal, cultural, political, technological every bit good as economical activities of different states incorporating with one another has increased at a rapid rate. The patterns that are found in the European states and the United States are now found in practically at any state in the universe. This phenomenon is now normally referred to as globalization. Some bookmans have defined globalization merely as the procedure of interaction and integrating among the people, companies, and authoritiess of different states, a procedure driven by international trade and investing and aided by information engineering. This procedure has effects on the environment, civilization, political systems, economic development and prosperity, and human physical wellbeing in societies around the universe. Globalization is non a new phenomenon, for century ‘s persons, later companies, establishments and corporations have been merchandising with each other in locations that are enormously far from their point of beginning. The Asians for illustration, used the monsoon winds that occurred after a infinite of six month ‘s to travel from their states and range Africa to merchandise i.e. purchase and sell merchandises to the Africans. China and Europe were besides connected during the in-between ages through the celebrated Silk Road across Central Asia. This allowed the two parties to put to one another which were an facet of globalization. This depicts the fact that for a long clip globalization was in being but non recognised every bit today as globalization ( Jagdish, 2004 ) . This current state of affairs of the phenomenon of globalization increasing at a rapid rate has been induced by policies that have opened economic systems internally ( domestically ) every bit good as internationally. One of the chief propagators of this was the wake of the 2nd universe war whereby authoritiess of different states in the universe decided to accept or implement the free market economic system which had an consequence on the productive potencies of their states and coevals new chances for planetary trade i.e. the trade was no longer domestic oriented but internationally oriented. This is to state that the policies opened up chances for international trade and investings. The Governments have farther negotiated the enormous decreases in barriers to commerce and hold established international understandings to advance trade in goods, services, and investings. These have opened up new chances in foreign markets and therefore corporations have built foreign mills and estab lished production and selling agreements with foreign spouses. This is a defining characteristic of the late tendency of globalization, i.e. it is an international industrial and fiscal concern construction ( Jagdish, 1993 ) . The new chances have made other states that had ceased them to be dominant in the Global economic system today. Now more than of all time, it is a clear image that the facet of globalisation has been one of the major subscribers to the rise in the economic laterality of many economic systems such as those in the Asiatic states i.e. India, China etc. To day of the month China has now integrated with practically every state around that universe. The Chinese corporations have come to be so powerful to the extent that the USA is in debt of more that 10bilion dollars to the Chinese Bankss. The latter is to state that the phenomenon of globalisation has t4remendous impacts on emerging economic systems. This essay will therefore discourse the impact of globalization in the emerging market economic systems ; in so making, the essay will concentrate on the construct globalisation, the drivers for globalisation, the cardinal characteristics of emerging economic systems, the impacts of globalisation socially, economically, environmentally and technologically on the emerging economic systems and eventually do a decision of the treatment. 2.0 Definition and Concept 2.1 What is Emerging Market Economy? Emerging market economic systems are those economic systems that their economic system and industrialization grow at a rapid gait while sing a rapid addition in information efficiency in an environment. These economic systems are the leaders among developing states. To be more precise the followers are considered to be the taking emerging market economic systems Brazil, Russia, India, and China, usually referred top as the BRIC states. The taking one is China due to high growing of its GDP, engineering every bit good as literacy degree, approximately 93.3 % of Chinese entire population are literate, this became possible since the Chinese authorities executed its scheme of prioritizing instruction for its people from lower to the higher degrees ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org ) . Discussed below will be the features of emerging market economic systems. 2.2 The features of emerging economic systems Transitional The economic system of the emerging economic systems are invariably in transformational procedure from closed to an unfastened market, seeking to brace their economic public presentations for conveying efficiency and transparence in the capital market. Reform in exchange rate system International Monetary Fund and World Bank assist the Emerging Market Economies in reforming their exchange rate systems in order to cut down flow of domestic capital to foreign economic systems since there is an addition of local every bit good as foreign investings in footings of portfolio and direct. Attractive to Multinational corporations The states in this class are really much on the list of the favorable environments for investing by the MNC because of the ability to supply lower costs of labor and supplying a big client base. Large Population The first characteristic of these economic systems is the population in their state. The emerging economic systems have a big figure of people in their states as compared to other states in the universe. In the concern footings it means they contain a really big portion of the consumer base in their ain state. China for illustration is the most populated state ion the universe, and India is besides one of the individual states that have many people as about the full African continent. High Gross Domestic Product Growth These economic systems have a singular rate of growing on their GDP. China has been estimated to hold a 10 % growing rate in the last decennary. This rate makes it the fastest turning economic system in the universe and in old ages to come it may hold the taking economic system in the universe above the United States of America. Much of the growing nevertheless had been due to having Foreign Direct Investments from the Triads ( USA, Japan and Europe ) , thought in the recent old ages the BRIC group has besides been puting in the Triads. Enormous Changes in life manner and bettering criterion of life The states with the emerging economic systems are sing an addition in the alteration in the life manner of its population. There is a enormous alteration in footings of industrialisation, modernisation every bit good as urbanisation. The rural countries are gnawing and more metropoliss with tall edifices and many investings are going prominent. Some of the wealthiest concerns and concern adult male are found in these emerging economic systems. Most of the states populations are more into going modern and more urbanised now than old ages back. Furthermore the criterion of life has improved markedly in these emerging economic systems. Many 1000000s continue to populate in poorness but a turning urban in-between category provides an spread outing market for both domestic merchandises and for imports from abroad. Volatility of assets The universe ‘s involvement for the assets of the emerging market economic systems has risen over the past old ages. The assets of the Emerging economic systems besides tend to go volatile at times, the returns is truly deserving put on the lining for. The financess of the Emerging economic systems have besides resulted in a much higher per centum of wealth. The construct of Globalisation Globalization has been a construct narrated for many old ages by different bookman ‘s universe broad. Assorted dimensions come to visible radiation when the term globalisation is mentioned. Basically the issue of integrating, in footings of the economic system, engineering, societal facets every bit good as political relations is of highest consideration when one defines globalisation. Globalization is the system of interaction among the states of the universe in order to develop the planetary economic system. Globalization has been refers to the integrating of economic sciences and societies all over the universe. Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible mostly by progresss in communicating, transit, and substructure. ( Croucher, 2004 ) . Others nevertheless as antecedently mentioned have defined globalisation as the procedure of interaction and integrating among the people, companies, and authoritiess of different states, a procedure driven by international trade and investing and aided by information engineering. This procedure has effects on the environment, on civilization, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical wellbeing in societies around the universe. ( http: //hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-Globalization ) Globalization efforts to picture the stairss by which the webs in the universe in footings of communicating, transit and trading cause the linking ( integrating ) of the regional economic systems, societies, civilizations, every bit good as engineerings. At this point in clip most of the universe is sing the facet of economic globalisation as one of the individual most important facet of globalisation. With this in head economic globalisation has been individually defined as the linking of economic systems of different states to make an international economic system via trade, FDIs, Investment hard currency flows, and the disperse of engineering. Globalization is normally recognized as being driven by the brotherhood of the economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, environmental and biological factors. For the intent of this essay, we therefore specify the term globalisation as the rapid addition in the interconnection of the different states economically, socially, politically, technologically every bit good as environmentally to resemble a individual small town ; the procedure extremely being facilitated by the addition in the information and communicating engineering. 2.1 Drivers of globalisation. There are many issues that have been discussed when it comes to why is there such an tremendous addition in globalisation and why many states are opening their doors to this phenomenon much easy than earlier. One of the most common account to this has been summarized in one common and yet alone sentence. That is â€Å" globalisation is inevitable † intending it will happen, whether one likes it or non it will go on. Never the less that sentence is excessively short to supply the nucleus drivers of globalisation but instead merely explicate that the phenomenon is at that place to remain. The drivers for globalisation can be put into the undermentioned classs: Market drivers Cost drivers Technology drivers Governmental drivers Competitive drivers These drivers are better explained below: Market driver This really refers to when the companies consider the assorted markets to put. The shifting of the policies of the different authoritiess in the universe top holding a free market economic system has in fact lead to concerns that had a market that was limited to one state to hold a planetary market that waits for the specific merchandises or services that they offer. At this point in companies in different parts of the universe have to greater handiness of the different states universe broad. If there was a tendency of no free market economic system, the phenomenon of globalisation would hold been speed uping at a vey little gait and the major transmutations will non hold been recognized. At this point in clip there is the meeting of national markets into a remarkable monolithic planetary market place. To sell internationally is now easier due to falling of barriers on the cross-border trade. A company does n't hold to be the size of these transnational giants to ease and profit from the globalisation of markets. ( Owens 2008 ) Production Cost driver This becomes a driver when it occurs that the costs of production in your state is greater than in another state for the same merchandise, hence it becomes more advantageous for you to bring forth in another state than in your ain. It refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the universe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production. The thought is to vie more efficaciously offering a merchandise with good quality and low cost. Companies consider the assorted life style of the state before sing the monetary value of the merchandise and services to render. The companies that find themselves in hunt for international trade chances need to take into history the cost deductions associated to where they want to put. For illustration one might see bring forthing certain merchandises in Tanzania than in Europe due to cheaper labor costs etc. ( Owens 2008 ) Technology driver This really refers to when there is increasing engineering system, transit, progressing in the degree of universe trade system. The have been many developments in engineering to day of the month and the rate seems unstoppable. These developments or alterations in Technological have achieved progresss in communicating, information processing, and transit engineering, including the Internet and the World Wide Web ( World Wide Web ) . The most of import invention has been development in the microprocessors after that planetary communications have been revolutionized by developments in orbiter, optical fibre, and radio engineerings, and now the Internet and the World Wide Web. The rapid growing of the cyberspace and the associated World Wide Web is the latest look of this development. Besides, inventions have occurred in the field of the transit engineering. The development of commercial jet aircraft has reduced the clip needed to acquire from one location to another. Now China is closer to the USA than of all time. ( Owens 2008 ) Government driver This refers to the decrease of trade duties and non trade duties, as a consequence of cut downing the function of political policies. As antecedently mentioned the acceptance of the free market economic system has basically causes the autumn of barriers to international trade. Now houses are able to see the full Earth as its possible market. The lowering of barrier to merchandise and investings besides allows houses to establish production at the optimum location for that activity. A house might hence, design a merchandise in one state, create a part/ constituent parts in two other states, assemble the merchandise in another state and so export the finished merchandise around the universe. The lowering of trade barriers has facilitated the globalisation of production. The grounds besides suggests that foreign direct investing is playing an increasing function in the planetary economic system. ( Croucher, 2004 ) . Competition driver The facet of better merchandises as a consequence of competition has really made the facet of globalisation an indispensable portion in many economic systems. The competition among companies ensures that there is a production of high quality merchandises globally ( Owens 2008 ) The impact of globalisation Over the old ages different arguments have existed on whether states =should embracing or be opposed to the phenomenon of globalisation. This argument is pioneered by the likely impact the globalisation has on the assorted economic systems or states in the universe. There has been an statement that the facet of globalisation favoring the already developed states and working the developing states. Below therefore is the treatment on the impact of globalisation on the emerging economic systems. The impact of globalisation can be focused on the five chief classs which are ; Economic impact Harmonizing to economic experts, there are a batch of planetary events connected with globalisation and integrating. The economic system of a state relies a batch on the concern environment that exists. Whether there is high domestic trading or there is a wider scope of investings from international companies. Globalization has enabled the economic systems of different states top become incorporate. For illustration, the avenue of international trade now allows states to hold foreign currencies into their economic systems. Furthermore the facet of citizens being in one state and having belongings in another state is besides a world. The issues of loaning has now moved to a whole new degree, companies from one state ask for loans from Bankss in a different state every bit good as Bankss of one state can now set subdivisions in other counties which automatically affects the economic systems. Governments of one state travel and obtain loans from other states. A typical and yet most asto nishing scenario is the fact that the American authorities being in 1000000s of debt to china which is an emerging economic system. No uncertainty globalisation has increased the foreign direct investings in different states. At this point in clip the Mc Donald ‘s company of the United States of America had made a record entry to the Russian and Chinese economic system when the policies of these states had allowed room for the free market economic system. The GDP of states such as Chinas have benefited a batch as a consequence of globalisation. As mentioned earlier China ‘s GDP has been turning at a rate of 10 % , one of the fastest turning rates in the universe. Socio-cultural Impact Another noteworthy impact of globalisation has been on the civilization of assorted societies in the universe. Globalization has been seen as a accelerator for alteration in the civilizations of less developed states to be more like those of the developed states. More specifically it is seen as an infliction of the pop civilization ( western civilization ) to other states. For illustration the manner in which people talk, act, frock etc has changed over the last few decennaries. The type of music that people listen to globally has changed ; even the ethical motives of certain societies have changed. Old ages back, it was hideous for adult females to have on miniskirts in the streets of Arabic states, but now this is going problematic. Even in African states some facets are altering. Many people are waiving their heritage for the new life manners which are believed to be more modernised. Now people believe that if you speak your native linguistic communication and do non cognize how to talk English, so you are crude. All these are a consequence of globalisation. The manner in which people communicate has now besides changed. Peoples have conversations via the phone and hold reduced the more traditional manner of communicating which was to see and see each other physically. No longer are people playing athleticss outside, they instead play video games, ticker films in the house, all these are a consequence of globalisation. Furthermore there is a alteration in the type of ownership in the emerging economic systems. The facet of globalisation has introduced a more capitalist system in states that were chiefly involved in communal ownership ; the facet of ownership has become more of individualistic nature. This being the instance, there is no longer equal distribution of income among the people of China. This has benefited some of the members who believed that they deserved more for the more work they did but at the same clip has created a division among the rich and the hapless that was non at that place in the yesteryear Environmental Impact The environment is more of the less discussed factors at times but is ne of the most of import facet that needs to be considered when looking upon the impacts of globalisation. The environment fundamentally refers to every thing that surrounds us. In the globalized universe more and more concern chances have emerged for the different concerns in the universe as a effect the concerns that are engaged in fabrication and affect the emanation of harmful substances have increased h=and have caused a devastation in the ozone bed in different parts of the universe. Furthermore, the less developed states have suffered on the environment as the developed states have used globalisation as a agency of dumping harmful merchandises from their states. There had been a prohibition on several environmentally harmful merchandises in Europe ; as a consequence, the European companies sold the goods to states like Tanzania etc to non endure losingss. This was a agency of dumping their waste merchandises . On the other manus though, through globalisation, there are now campaigns all over the universe that relate to environmentally protection. International ; pacts on environmentally friendly productions have been signed by different states. The decrease in green house emanation pacts have been signed by many states in the universe being led by United provinces of America and China, the most extremely fouling states in the Earth. Technological Globalization has lead to the addition in the spread of engineering all over the universe. At this point in clip, practically all parts of the universe are awe-are of the bing engineerings every where. The engineering that is used in Europe is besides used in China and at times even found in Africa. Globalization has enabled the universe to make, modify different technological devices that were founded by some one else in the different portion of the Earth. The Japanese have been known to modify different engineerings that they see bing in the USA. The Chinese are now the 1s who imitate all the bing engineerings anyplace in the Earth. The sphere of globalisation has made the latest engineerings to be in every portion of the universe. Ranging from the latest nomadic phones, laptops, picture games and all other appliances, globalisation in one manner or the other has ensured that no 1 is left behind. Political/legal The last facet that globalisation has impacted is on the issue of political and legal environment. Globalization has been at the centre in the increased international Torahs that are in being, the being on the planetary organisations that provide rules across the universe. The United Nations ( UN ) , the World Bank ( WB ) , the international pecuniary fund ( IMF ) and the similar. The increased interconnection of different counties has enabled the being of the organisations to harvests cut different states. For illustration some of the policies in the less underdeveloped states ( LDCs ) such as the Structural Adjustment Program have been influenced by the World bank, some have been influenced by the united states etc. This shows how globalisation has impacted the political and legal ambiance of a state. State losingss its sovereignty in globalisation as it is being scrutinized by the international states. For illustration all of the states are now looking at the policies of China and seek to dispute some of the things that it is making. In so making, the sovereignty of the state is being lost ( Croucher, 2004 ) .DecisionIn general, no 1 can deny the fact that globalisation is inevitable. The issue is on how the states take the being of globalisation. Through the treatment one can see that there are benefits that are being seen from the being of the phenomenon, but there are besides damaging effects. All of these depend on the state and therefore the context in which globalisation takes topographic point. There issues that are related to the loss of a state ‘s freedom and sovereignty that play a cardinal portion on whether to encompass or reject globalisation, ne'er the less globalisation will go on. In a brief overview though one can see that there are many economically related benefits that have been associated with emerging economic systems and hence likely cause for the increased credence in the phenomenon.The facets of the spread outing gross revenues i.e. where by the emerging economic systems are holding a wider market for its merchandises is a noteworthy ground for the credence of globalisation. Now the states with emerging economic systems are holding the markets in practically any state of the universe runing from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. Furthermore they have now been able to get resources from the assorted states that they have invested in. The credence in globalisation has besides reduced the hazards that have been associated with the investing in merely their state as there are many fruitful chances in other states.

Costs of Preventive Security Essay

Firewalls are one of the most fundamental and important security tools. You are likely familiar with the software-based host firewall that you use on your laptop or desktop. Such firewalls should also be installed on every computer in an organization. However, organizations also need corporate-grade firewalls, which are usually, but not always, dedicated special-purpose hardware devices. Conduct some research to identify three different brands of such corporate-grade firewalls, provide copies of your research and write a report that addresses the following points: The price range of Next Generation Firewall Appliance (NGFW)Bundled with FW, VPN, IA, ADNC, MOB, IPS, APCL and VS ( Model 12200 to Model 21700) is between $41,000 to $272,000i. Technique (deep packet inspection, static packet filtering, or stateful packet filtering) Context Awareness; Application/User Awareness; Deep Packet Inspection (IPS) and Stateful packet filtering. Generally, from Network and transport layers to Application layer. Ease of configuration and use Check Point’s NGFW provides integrated software and hardware solutions for customized firewall protection. Check Point has developed the AppWiki application library that are pulled into the Check Point Application Control and Identity Awareness Software Blades. The software also integrates with Active Directory to identity the user and endpoint, allowing administrators to customize granular security policies. Check Point also offers the ability to educate users in real time. With all these advantages, it’s very visualized virtualizand simplified for users to understand which software blades are connected when configuring a Firewall by using the SmartDashboard toolbarii or using NGFW more effectively and efficiently. The price range of Enterprise Next Generation Firewall (Model series 200-5000) is between $1,179.90 to $104,400.25iii. Technique (deep packet inspection, static packet filtering, or stateful packet filtering) User Awareness; Deep Packet Inspection (IPS) and Stateful packet filtering; Advanced Threat Protection (ATP). Ease of configuration and use Fortinet provides physical or virtual appliance product lines of FortiGate to fit client’s unique Network Security requirements. It intergrates the FortiOS Operating System with custom FortiASIC processors and the latest-generation CPUs. FortiOS offers users several configuration options to choose from and FortiCarrier provides enhanced FortiOS security featuring, specifically for 4G LTE carrier and ISP networks within a single device. With WebUI, the operational costs is lowered and IT staff workloads and mistakes are even further reduced. What’s more, the Single-Pane-of-Glass management ensures consistent policy creation and enforcement while minimizing deployment and configuration challengesiv. The price range of uperMassive Next-Generation Firewall Series (9000 and E10000) is between $6,599 to $125,000v. Technique (deep packet inspection, static packet filtering, or stateful packet filtering) Application Intelligence and Control; Reassembly-Free Deep Packet Inspection; Multicore architechure. Ease of configuration and use Dell SonicWAL Next-Generation Firewalls integrates comprehensive network security with control into a single platform. It provides better visualization of application traffice for IT admistrators thus controling and adjusting the network use more properly. Dell SonicWALL also reduces the time and complexity of configuring, deploying and managing security solutions. Even better, the easy-to-use configuration wizards offer intuitive guides for users through the configuration stepsvi.